HARARE - Scores of MDC supporters, harassed by police and Zanu (PF) elements, are fleeing to Malawi to seek political asylum.
The Zimbabwean heard that scores of party supporters have fled to Dzaleka refugee camp, run by the Jesuit priests of the Catholic Church, located outside Lilongwe. The refugee camp contains political refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia and the Sudan.
There are an estimated 3,000 inmates at the camp, a former prison.
An MDC refugee at the centre told The Zimbabwean that he was trying to adjust to life at the camp after he fled Harare following indications that police were looking for him.
He called The Zimbabwean after reading a copy of the paper. The refugee, who cannot be named for security reasons said there were more and more refugees being admitted into the centre every day.
"The conditions here are bad and one has to put up one’s shelter. Each one of us receives a ration of 12kg rice, 1kg sugar, 100 grammes of salt, three tablets of soap, and 1kg of beans. They don’t supply blankets and I would very much want to return home, but I understand the political situation is still very tense," he said.
He said he could not go to SA and Botswana because those places was teeming with intelligence operatives.
"It was so tense and we escaped via Mozambique. My colleagues became jittery at Nyamapanda border post and were detained," he said.
"I made good my escape and was helped by an international truck driver who drove me into Malawi," he said.
But he is concerned about the safety of his wife and two children he left in Zimbabwe.
"Every day that passes I think of home," he said. "I desperately want to return home, but I fear for my life. I also fear that publication of your story will lead to harm for members of my family and that my hide-out will be discovered."
Friday, 27 April 2007
Zimbabwe: Country Barters Sugar for Malawi Maize
AS food and foreign currency shortages intensify, government has devised a plan to barter sugar for maize with Malawi.
The strategy conceived by the Joint Operations Command (JOC) food taskforce -- which brings together the army, police, intelligence service and ministries of Agriculture and Industry -- came into force last month as government desperately tries to stave-off starvation.
The barter project has resulted in a countrywide shortage of sugar which is now only available on the informal market where it is fetching up to $20 000 a kg. The price of sugar is controlled by the state and a 2kg packet should cost $8 000. Price wars between government and producers have in the past created intermittent shortages but the latest stockouts are as a result of major exports to Malawi, industry sources said.
The Zimbabwe Independent this week heard that the sugar was being transported to Malawi in 30-tonne trucks which then came back into the country with maize.
While it is not clear how much sugar will be exported to Malawi, Zimbabwe is set to receive two tonnes of maize for every tone of sugar exported. A tonne of maize is fetching US$155 compared to US$348 for a tonne of sugar.
Sources at the Grain Marketing Board (GMB) said a team made up of the taskforce and the parastatal's operations department officers has already shipped two consignments of sugar to Malawi, one in March and another two weeks ago in exchange for maize. The source said the group was in the process of putting together further sugar consignments to cover the huge grain deficit in the country.
"About 100 000 tonnes of maize have already been discussed and will be on their way to Zimbabwe once the shipment arrangements have been finalised," the source said. "However, considering that an estimated 400 000 tonnes are likely to be produced locally, that leaves a huge deficit that needs to be filled."
Zimbabwe requires 1,8 million tonnes of grain to bridge two farming seasons, excluding 500 000 tonnes for strategic reserves.Government is understood to be getting the sugar directly from the mills in Chiredzi.
Farmers in the area said it was possible for government to commandeer sugar ahead of any other customer and where they would send it is entirely up to them.
"Government often commandeers sugar which it buys at ridiculous prices," one farmer said. "Last year export consignments destined for Namibia had to be stopped to allow government to get 10 000 tonnes of sugar they required."
Malawi, swamped with surplus maize from two bumper harvests, said it was prepared to export 400 000 tonnes of the staple to cash-strapped Zimbabwe.
Nasinuku Saukila, general manager of the National Food Reserve Agency, recently said Malawi has had two years of bumper maize harvest and is in surplus of about 1,1 million tonnes. He was also quoted as saying that Zimbabwe has been shopping around for maize and they will be exporting 400 000 tonnes of maize following a demand from Zimbabwe.
Over the past six years government has resorted to barter trade in minerals, land and other natural resources with any country that has the potential to provide fuel. Recently government hatched a plan to use diamonds mined from Marange in exchange for fuel from Equatorial Guinea.
Controversy around the discovery and exploitation of diamonds in Marange where the government has kicked out the owners of the claim, a British company, African Consolidated Resources (ACR), is likely to scupper the fuel deal.
Government is said to have already received fuel worth US$24 million from Equatorial Guinea, which it is unable to pay for, and now wants to use part of the diamond loot to amortise the debt.
Similar barter trade facilities put in place by government previously collapsed as government failed to honour its promises on time.
The strategy conceived by the Joint Operations Command (JOC) food taskforce -- which brings together the army, police, intelligence service and ministries of Agriculture and Industry -- came into force last month as government desperately tries to stave-off starvation.
The barter project has resulted in a countrywide shortage of sugar which is now only available on the informal market where it is fetching up to $20 000 a kg. The price of sugar is controlled by the state and a 2kg packet should cost $8 000. Price wars between government and producers have in the past created intermittent shortages but the latest stockouts are as a result of major exports to Malawi, industry sources said.
The Zimbabwe Independent this week heard that the sugar was being transported to Malawi in 30-tonne trucks which then came back into the country with maize.
While it is not clear how much sugar will be exported to Malawi, Zimbabwe is set to receive two tonnes of maize for every tone of sugar exported. A tonne of maize is fetching US$155 compared to US$348 for a tonne of sugar.
Sources at the Grain Marketing Board (GMB) said a team made up of the taskforce and the parastatal's operations department officers has already shipped two consignments of sugar to Malawi, one in March and another two weeks ago in exchange for maize. The source said the group was in the process of putting together further sugar consignments to cover the huge grain deficit in the country.
"About 100 000 tonnes of maize have already been discussed and will be on their way to Zimbabwe once the shipment arrangements have been finalised," the source said. "However, considering that an estimated 400 000 tonnes are likely to be produced locally, that leaves a huge deficit that needs to be filled."
Zimbabwe requires 1,8 million tonnes of grain to bridge two farming seasons, excluding 500 000 tonnes for strategic reserves.Government is understood to be getting the sugar directly from the mills in Chiredzi.
Farmers in the area said it was possible for government to commandeer sugar ahead of any other customer and where they would send it is entirely up to them.
"Government often commandeers sugar which it buys at ridiculous prices," one farmer said. "Last year export consignments destined for Namibia had to be stopped to allow government to get 10 000 tonnes of sugar they required."
Malawi, swamped with surplus maize from two bumper harvests, said it was prepared to export 400 000 tonnes of the staple to cash-strapped Zimbabwe.
Nasinuku Saukila, general manager of the National Food Reserve Agency, recently said Malawi has had two years of bumper maize harvest and is in surplus of about 1,1 million tonnes. He was also quoted as saying that Zimbabwe has been shopping around for maize and they will be exporting 400 000 tonnes of maize following a demand from Zimbabwe.
Over the past six years government has resorted to barter trade in minerals, land and other natural resources with any country that has the potential to provide fuel. Recently government hatched a plan to use diamonds mined from Marange in exchange for fuel from Equatorial Guinea.
Controversy around the discovery and exploitation of diamonds in Marange where the government has kicked out the owners of the claim, a British company, African Consolidated Resources (ACR), is likely to scupper the fuel deal.
Government is said to have already received fuel worth US$24 million from Equatorial Guinea, which it is unable to pay for, and now wants to use part of the diamond loot to amortise the debt.
Similar barter trade facilities put in place by government previously collapsed as government failed to honour its promises on time.
Hurpling through the warm heart of Africa
I’m in love…. again. Yes, I know I’m prone to this affliction, at least as regards the places I visit, but it was love at first sight with Malawi.
Even the mayhem at Blantyre airport when I arrived didn’t bother me: the warmth of the people waving and smiling from the balcony above the immigration/baggage collection area (I’d hesitate to call it the “arrivals hall”) at arriving friends and relations countered any possible frustration at the ad hoc immigration and baggage retrieval procedures. There was a long queue, reaching back nearly to the foot of the steps from the ‘plane, for the “immigration counter”, a couple of desks set up on an apparently temporary basis in a dark corridor to deal with arriving foreigners (Blantyre clearly does not get many international flights each day), a grab-your-own-as-it-comes-off-the-trolleys baggage collection system (curiously, I had more confidence in my pack making it through this than I do of it turning up on the carousels at Johannesburg or Heathrow), and a chaotic customs procedure (I discovered it had some rationale: only returning Malawians were being searched and then for goods purchased abroad; tourists seemed, by definition, kosher, though that still left us poor sods having to negotiate our way through the crowds to locate an exit). Besides, I was on the road again, and that was enough to give me a very relaxed, tolerant approach to everything I encountered.
Malawi is a stunning country, and her people really seem to deserve their reputation as the “warm heart of Africa”. While the occasional face may look sulky, and I have heard from ex-pats that racism against whites is becoming an issue here, in my experience, most people break into a grin when you greet them, whether or not the initial encounter turns into further conversation. Walking around Blantyre on the morning of my first full day (rain had driven me indoors on the afternoon of my arrival - Malawi, too, is suffering an uncharacteristically late and heavy wet season), I felt very at ease. I had been warned that Malawi is nothing like as safe as it used to be, but it must have been something very special 15-20 years ago. On the basis of my experience here, I would feel more uneasy walking down Oxford Street or taking the train into town after Charlton has played at home than I have done walking or taking public transport in Malawi. Admittedly, I was clearly a curiosity that day: how many other wazungu (white people) walk around town at all, let alone on a road leading out of town, through Blantyre’s suburbs towards the airport? A number of people came up to talk to me, but I encountered nothing more than a desire to share their stories and an interest in who I was and where I was going. (The answer “nowhere” only increased the confusion I’d caused!) Further, they are a very courteous people. There is a delightful habit of saying “thank you” (or “zikomo”, one of my few words of Chichewa) in response to your thanking them for something, and I have been “welcomed” to many dinner and breakfast tables, even at accommodation where I have been staying for a while. The most touching (and embarrassing!) courtesy was when my guide on one hike apologised to me when I slipped!
The Scottish connection is still very much alive. For once on my travels, people understood when I gave my country of origin and could quickly acknowledge the connection between the two countries. David Livingstone himself lives on through towns such as Livingstonia and, of course, Blantyre, named after his birthplace. But I was also entertained to discover that my South African hosts at Senga Bay on Lake Malawi are called Macleod - we Scots still get everywhere!
Although Hastings Banda’s ban on women wearing trousers was lifted in the early 1990s, I have yet to see a woman/girl of any age wearing other than a skirt, dress or sarong. The only time that I have seen a woman wearing shorts or trousers was when I was shown the beads that a married woman wears around her waist, under her clothing. Amidst the layers of clothing being moved so that I could admire these beads, I was surprised to see a pair of shorts. The sarong is ubiquitous and often fulfils a number of functions. As well as being the over-clothing for the lower half, it is used to carry babies, but can be applied for this purpose in a variety of ways. In Namibia, babies are uniformly tied on the woman’s back with a wrap that ties over the bust. In Malawi, there seem to be other fashions in baby-wearing: on the left hip, and on the back, in each case with the wrap being tied over one shoulder (which looks far more comfortable than the Namibian style).
English is widely spoken and is technically the country’s official language, there being otherwise something in the region of forty Bantu languages spoken in the country, of which Chichewa is the dominant language in the south and centre of the country and is therefore deemed to be the “national” language. However, that doesn’t mean it is at all widely spoken and I have yet to meet anyone whose first language is Chichewa as opposed to one of the other Bantu languages. I was told that Hastings Banda, the long-lived, long-“reigning” post-independence dictator only ever used one phrase of Chichewa, the Chichewa for “You’re a liar!”, otherwise he used English. But Malawian English takes a little getting used to. Like the Chinese, Malawians struggle with the “l”/”r” distinction, leading to the interesting question in the middle of a discussion about music as to whether I had “written to Abba”, as well as the obligatory discussion about growing “lice” for export. It’s somehow very endearing! The other characteristic is to add “ie” to the end of words that otherwise end in consonants (in Chichewa, all words end in vowels): for example, the Queen’s name becomes “Elizabettie” in Malawian (woe betide anyone who tries that one on me!), toast becomes “toastie”, and various calendar months have this ending applied.
Malawi is therefore very kind on the solo English-speaking tourist. Admittedly, elated from my successful mastery of Malawi’s public transport system to get to my first destination after Blantyre, I was a touch peeved to read in The Book (the Bradt guide to Malawi) that Malawi is “Africa for Beginners”, but I have to concede that, as well as its welcoming people and the relative ease of communication, the country’s transport is almost organised in a chaotic kind of fashion.
That’s a book in itself: Malawi public transport. I’m not sure if there’s any rhyme or reason behind the number of minibuses on the road or their destinations, other than the inclinations of the driver and, for want of a better description, the “conductor”, but, broadly speaking, in the south of the country (I didn’t get much further than that on this trip), it seems to work…. except when a mazungu (white person) decides on her own route. But I’m getting ahead of myself.
There are official bus companies, but I haven’t encountered one yet. My main mode of transport was the minibus. To clarify, we’re talking about a vehicle that, in the UK, would probably take nine passengers in three rows of seats behind the front seats, and, of course, the driver him/herself. Well, this kind of vehicle can take a few more in Malawi. My record headcount in the first few trips - my mind had ceased boggling about numbers after this - was nineteen adults (not counting the driver and conductor), as well as assorted children-on-laps and babies-in-slings. Invariably, there are at least two people sharing the front passenger’s seat, there’s a bench behind this with passengers facing backwards, and three rows of seats facing forwards, each of the front two of which have drop-down seats to fill the gap as and when the row behind has been filled. You’re expected to sit four-to-a-row (fingers crossed for slim companions, and for not being wedged in the corner in the back where your shoulder gets crunched), but, on the most impressive occasion, one of the passengers was stand-stooping between the bench and the front forward-facing row as well as the conductor who usually stand-stoops, bending himself either out of the window or over his passengers. (I hardly need add that I have not seen anyone other than the young and slim-built performing this role.) In short, if I would consider a vehicle to be full, there was room for at least three more!
And I haven’t even mentioned the luggage. On my first trip of any length, the c.70km from Limbe to Zomba, other people’s attendant bags and packages made my pack look small. On this occasion, I was one of the first to board, newly arrived in my first minibus from Blantyre, and, of course, these vehicles don’t leave until they’re full. So I waited and watched, drinking in the atmosphere of my first major Malawian bus station. Just when you thought no more luggage could be fitted in, the conductor would juggle things around and manage to include the latest addition: sacks of flour, trays of eggs, suitcases and cardboard boxes of all shapes and sizes, large baskets that could only perch on knees, the contents of potential curio stalls, plastic bags spilling out their contents… and, of course, the odd piece of livestock. So far, I’ve only shared transport with a hen, a remarkably sanguine hen that settled down so quickly and quietly that her oddly smartly-dressed owner (briefcase and all) couldn’t find her when he came to get off the minibus (I spotted her sitting under the row of seats in front). I guess this is the Malawian version of asking him to buy supper on his way home from work.
The fare seems to depend on the whim of the conductor as he’s the man (I’ve only seen men in this role: from my experience of them, I don’t see Malawian women doing this) with the money. I think (and hope) that tourists are charged more than locals - I’m all for making money out of my species although, curiously, I’ve only seen one other tourist on a minibus - but the most I’ve had to pay on any journey, whether 10km or 100 km, would give me change out of a pound in the UK. You don’t pay on entry or exit, simply when the conductor gets around to asking you for the money, and they’re a pretty sharp breed. No fare-dodging here!
A wonderful place to watch Malawian life is a bus station/depot. All sorts of people come round a waiting bus to try and sell their wares: everything from baskets, toothpaste/toothbrushes/cotton buds, clothes (the most unexpected of which that I’ve seen was a battered black trilby… a must-have necessity for Malawi??), cell phones and watches, to “munchies” for the journey. The variety and quality of these, if you ignore the nondescript sweets and crisps, would put most British railway companies’ buffet services to shame: hard-boiled eggs, with attendant salt and spices, fruit (the bananas here are delicious), ground nuts (I’ve had several meals out of these alone), and deep-fried breads and samosas.
I’ve also travelled by taxi, matola and dampa. With taxis, we’re not quite talking black cabs here. In fact, the only difference, I’ve concluded, between a taxi and a matola, at least outside major towns, is where you sit. If you pay a lot for a “taxi”, you sit in the front; if you pay a very little, you stand/squash/perch/sit in the back. In either case, the vehicle is a pickup truck. I negotiated a “taxi” from Monkey Bay to Cape Maclear at the southern end of Lake Malawi and then from Cape Maclear to Golomoti at the intersection with the road to Salima… and sat in the front with the driver and “Mr Fixit”, aka Duncan, whose English was interestingly accented with a combination of Glaswegian, American and Malawian. On the Monkey Bay/Golomoti stretch, we acquired additional passengers every so often who rode in the back. The other wazungu, a Korean on the way to Cape Maclear and two Londoners on the way from Cape Maclear to Monkey Bay, rode in the back for free - well, I wasn’t going to leave them stranded there, and the driver seemed to consider them my guests as it was only with regard to taking them that he consulted me.
When I got to Salima, I took a matola to Senga Bay and, yes, you’ve guessed it, I was one of the dozen or more folks in the back (plus children, babies, an extraordinary amount of luggage, and the obligatory hen) paying the small amount (in this case, 100 Malawian kwacha, c.£0.35). It was an interesting way of travelling: again, just when you thought no-one else could possibly fit, we somehow shuffled up closer and squeezed a couple more in. The luggage is more precariously stashed on this mode of transport, tied somewhat haphazardly to the lowered tailgate. One bag went flying just as we were leaving the bus depot, but a number of us squawked and the driver stopped to collect it and wedge it back on. With matolas, the driver seems to double-up as the conductor, and you’re charged on “exit”. Again, it wouldn’t be easy to fare-dodge here.
A dampa is a bicycle-taxi where the passenger sits on a piece of wood on top of the bicycle carrier and, in my experience, the wood has been covered with at least a small amount of foam; the deluxe models are even coated in material and plastic. It’s not, actually, an uncomfortable experience, although not being in control of the bicycle, yet affecting its balance, takes a little getting used to. However, I have mixed feelings about them. I feel guilty that someone else should be peddling a zero-gears, crappy bike in the often-sweltering heat with me (or my pack - I didn’t think anyone deserved both of us!) on the back. I felt particularly bad about the young lad peddling me the 3-4 km from Salima to Senga Bay, however much he insisted that he was strong enough for the task. I could at least send him home before we reached our destination when the route to the lodge became a sand track and we were all forced to walk. (I went on with the older (and stronger-looking) guy pushing his bike with my pack on the back. I thought he could cope with it!)
However, it is a way of earning money for people who don’t have much, as I was reminded by a cyclist in Liwonde when I refused a dampa on the basis that I wanted to walk the remaining distance myself (well, actually, I hadn’t realised the Shire River and the departure point for my boat transfer to Mvuu Camp were as far as that, or I might have made a different decision). And it certainly has a degree of indulgence to be ridden along country tracks that narrow to barely shoulder-width between tall grasses, and to have the freedom simply to enjoy the peace and nature around you.
The roads are somewhat varied. The main routes are tarred - and not just the road between a city and the airport, as was the case when friends of mine travelled here in the late 1980s - and I understand that this improvement is largely thanks to the current president. However, once you get off these, road conditions can vary. The roads from Monkey Bay to Cape Maclear and to Golomoti are awful. This was my hiccup in route-planning. I had hoped to be able to get a minibus from Mangochi to Salima by going round the southern end and southwestern corner of Lake Malawi and then north to Salima. At Mangochi bus station I discovered that this would not work: no minibus. Bit of a technical hitch. So, I boarded a minibus to Monkey Bay and made an unscheduled stopover at Cape Maclear: no real hardship as this is a stunning promontory jutting out from the southern coast of the Lake (I reckon that Africa’s third largest lake requires a capital letter even when it is mentioned without its full name!) with the best-located backpackers I have ever had the pleasure to encounter. It abuts the Lake with its own, lengthy stretch of private beach. But I could well understand why minibuses might not be the best mode of transport in this part of the world. The road twists around the tree-covered hills in a somewhat improbable manner and, whatever the usual condition of the road, it was made far worse by the recent rains. I was very glad to be in the front seat of the “taxi” with a small amount of padding to cushion me against the bumps, even though Tres, the driver, with his army driving accreditation, was driving as carefully as he could. The road to Golomoti is, if anything, worse, and with no obvious excuse. It’s largely over level country, but, for some reason, has not been tarred other than in sporadically placed, short stretches, and even then, some of the tarring is now pretty ghostlike. It took perhaps an hour and a half to negotiate the first half of the 50 km distance.
Utilities are a little patchy. I duly acquired a local SIM card on my arrival (because of the instability of the local currency, it was priced in dollars, with “top-up” vouchers described in units that represent US cents), only to find that it was cheaper to text the UK using my UK SIM card; at least having a Malawian one meant that others could ring me without my being charged. However, reception is distinctly patchy, although it can be perfect in the most unlikely places: halfway up a mountain or by the Lake in a spot that is ringed by hills. Electricity is also not guaranteed. Zomba Forest Lodge, I was intrigued to discover, had the fixtures and fittings for electric light, but, each night, the gas lamps and candles were lit, and there was no mention of electricity, nor sound of a generator. (I can’t say that I objected, except for being unable to recharge my mobile: I felt as if I’d stepped back a century, writing my journal by gaslight!) Mvuu Main Camp’s generator was efficient - a little too efficient, as its grumble could be heard from surprisingly far away, up and down the river - but in both Blantyre and the Lake-side villages power failures have been at least a daily occurrence. I became quite adept at writing by candlelight (FYI, use two candles for preference, otherwise your eyesight will be most unhappy), and at rigging up breeze-protection for candles on the outside dinner table.
But all this ignores Malawi’s main attraction: its beautiful and varied landscape - from mountain plateaux, to “African Queen”-esque rivers and lakes so blue and endless they rival the ocean, to rolling hills and giants’ playground-style vast rocky outcrops. Only on the main islands of New Zealand have I encountered so much variety in such a small area. After all, the whole of Malawi would fit into England alone, with the odd county left over, and I have barely left the south of the country on this trip. Yes, you’ve got it: I’m planning my return trip already, quite apart from working out exactly where we would stay as and when I get Colin out here! (Ideally, I would also like to look for voluntary work with kids here, but that’s a subject to be researched on my return to the UK in June and/or September.) In fact, I have to confess that the first draft of this blog was written at a shaded table overlooking the Lake when I couldn’t bear to tear myself away for a stopover in Lilongwe and opted for another day in paradise.
In my first week, I clocked up six destinations in seven nights and, I think, covered a reasonable cross-section of what Malawi has to offer in this part of the country. I “did” a city, Blantyre, staying at the improbably-named Hostellerie de France (yes, I come to Malawi and find myself having to dust off my French to communicate with my host and hostess!); hiked around Zomba Plateau, the easier-to-access of the two main mountain plateaux in the south (the other, and better known, Mulanje, requires a few days’ commitment, which I didn’t have), where I found definitely the best vegetarian food outside India at a place that even The Book admitted served “probably the best food you’ll find in Malawi”; paid my respects to the vast hippo population and assorted species of birds of the Shire (pronounced “Shee-ray”) River, including two new-to-me types of kingfisher, including the delightful, pocket-sized, iridescent malachite kingfisher; found a different nationality of elephants and another variety of buck (the fallow deer-like bushbuck) at Mvuu Main Camp in Liwonde National Park; and canoed/swam/boated/snorkelled the must-do attraction of Lake Malawi. (For those of you who are awake and counting, and think I’ve missed out somewhere, I’ve stayed at two places on the Lake!) In any event, I was a touch pooped by the time I got to my sixth destination - not to mention arriving there a day late thanks to the navigation/bus route issue - so I stayed there for the next six nights, before returning to Blantyre to catch my flight to Johannesburg and on to Windhoek. Well, it seemed a good excuse and, with so many activities in which to indulge, as well as the virtue of being able to start writing up the Malawi blog(s) (my thanks to my host, Grant, and his mother, Jean, for the kind loan of a laptop!), it would have been rude to move on! Besides, I needed to conserve my energies for working on the elephant project next week… Does it look like I’m over-justifying myself?!
Wildlife in Malawi is patchy. The pressure on land is huge with a rapidly growing population (you rarely see a woman of child-bearing age without a child on her back: family planning, where it’s even been mentioned, is considered to be the white man’s attempt to curb the black population), and poaching is a major issue. The national parks, wildlife reserves and forest reserves are trying to improve things, and it is to Malawi’s credit that approximately 20% of the country’s land is under this form of protection. However, improvement is slow and, as usual, foreign investment is required and already, in places, already being supplied. One of the success stories is the reintroduction of black rhino in a dedicated corner of Liwonde National Park, made possible with the support of South African National Parks and so successful that two animals have been put in another reserve in the south.
One of the main attractions, instead, is the bird population. The sunbirds darting around at Zomba Forest Lodge were a delight to watch (although practically impossible to identify with Malawi not fitting into either “Southern Africa” or “Eastern Africa” from a published-and-available bird book perspective), as were the bee-eaters at Liwonde National Park. Fish eagles are a regular occurrence, both audibly and visibly, at Lake Malawi and on the Shire River, and I loved paddling a canoe round the rocks at the Lake to watch black and white-chested cormorants, squacco and other herons, pied and giant kingfishers, and hammerkops going about their daily business. One cormorant popped up from a fishing trip a few feet away from my canoe, but clearly this was way too close for comfort, and he darted back below the surface with a splash.
Reptiles were also much in evidence. The crocodiles in Liwonde National Park are reputed for their size, and certainly I saw some pretty sizeable beasts on my trip there. From Senga Bay, I took a trip out to the aptly-named Lizard Island and encountered a number of monitor lizards, one of which was swimming, not something that I’ve seen before. Usually, they spend most of the day sunbathing or moving at the most considered pace of any animal I know. There was one sitting in the same position on the same rock two days running, so I splashed it with water to check s/he was still alive (it was). There were agamas with virulent blue tails, geckos assisting in the mosquito-reduction campaign, and other assorted lizards, everywhere you looked, and, for the first time, I saw a water snake in action, swimming in the shallows of Lake Malawi. As I’d been assured that this part of the Lake’s shore was safe for swimming, being free of hippo, crocodiles and bilharzia, I assumed that it wasn’t a particularly dangerous water snake and didn’t let the sighting get in the way of my swimming or canoeing.
All in all, I am delighted to have managed to fit in a trip to this largely-undiscovered African jewel. It could not have been more different to Namibia, nor could I have been made to feel more welcome: I’ll CERTAINLY be back!
[PS I’m not sure if “hurpling” has an existence outside the Fergusson vocabulary, but it struck me as the perfect word for describing the chaotic progress (not to mention speed) of minibuses and matolas.]
Even the mayhem at Blantyre airport when I arrived didn’t bother me: the warmth of the people waving and smiling from the balcony above the immigration/baggage collection area (I’d hesitate to call it the “arrivals hall”) at arriving friends and relations countered any possible frustration at the ad hoc immigration and baggage retrieval procedures. There was a long queue, reaching back nearly to the foot of the steps from the ‘plane, for the “immigration counter”, a couple of desks set up on an apparently temporary basis in a dark corridor to deal with arriving foreigners (Blantyre clearly does not get many international flights each day), a grab-your-own-as-it-comes-off-the-trolleys baggage collection system (curiously, I had more confidence in my pack making it through this than I do of it turning up on the carousels at Johannesburg or Heathrow), and a chaotic customs procedure (I discovered it had some rationale: only returning Malawians were being searched and then for goods purchased abroad; tourists seemed, by definition, kosher, though that still left us poor sods having to negotiate our way through the crowds to locate an exit). Besides, I was on the road again, and that was enough to give me a very relaxed, tolerant approach to everything I encountered.
Malawi is a stunning country, and her people really seem to deserve their reputation as the “warm heart of Africa”. While the occasional face may look sulky, and I have heard from ex-pats that racism against whites is becoming an issue here, in my experience, most people break into a grin when you greet them, whether or not the initial encounter turns into further conversation. Walking around Blantyre on the morning of my first full day (rain had driven me indoors on the afternoon of my arrival - Malawi, too, is suffering an uncharacteristically late and heavy wet season), I felt very at ease. I had been warned that Malawi is nothing like as safe as it used to be, but it must have been something very special 15-20 years ago. On the basis of my experience here, I would feel more uneasy walking down Oxford Street or taking the train into town after Charlton has played at home than I have done walking or taking public transport in Malawi. Admittedly, I was clearly a curiosity that day: how many other wazungu (white people) walk around town at all, let alone on a road leading out of town, through Blantyre’s suburbs towards the airport? A number of people came up to talk to me, but I encountered nothing more than a desire to share their stories and an interest in who I was and where I was going. (The answer “nowhere” only increased the confusion I’d caused!) Further, they are a very courteous people. There is a delightful habit of saying “thank you” (or “zikomo”, one of my few words of Chichewa) in response to your thanking them for something, and I have been “welcomed” to many dinner and breakfast tables, even at accommodation where I have been staying for a while. The most touching (and embarrassing!) courtesy was when my guide on one hike apologised to me when I slipped!
The Scottish connection is still very much alive. For once on my travels, people understood when I gave my country of origin and could quickly acknowledge the connection between the two countries. David Livingstone himself lives on through towns such as Livingstonia and, of course, Blantyre, named after his birthplace. But I was also entertained to discover that my South African hosts at Senga Bay on Lake Malawi are called Macleod - we Scots still get everywhere!
Although Hastings Banda’s ban on women wearing trousers was lifted in the early 1990s, I have yet to see a woman/girl of any age wearing other than a skirt, dress or sarong. The only time that I have seen a woman wearing shorts or trousers was when I was shown the beads that a married woman wears around her waist, under her clothing. Amidst the layers of clothing being moved so that I could admire these beads, I was surprised to see a pair of shorts. The sarong is ubiquitous and often fulfils a number of functions. As well as being the over-clothing for the lower half, it is used to carry babies, but can be applied for this purpose in a variety of ways. In Namibia, babies are uniformly tied on the woman’s back with a wrap that ties over the bust. In Malawi, there seem to be other fashions in baby-wearing: on the left hip, and on the back, in each case with the wrap being tied over one shoulder (which looks far more comfortable than the Namibian style).
English is widely spoken and is technically the country’s official language, there being otherwise something in the region of forty Bantu languages spoken in the country, of which Chichewa is the dominant language in the south and centre of the country and is therefore deemed to be the “national” language. However, that doesn’t mean it is at all widely spoken and I have yet to meet anyone whose first language is Chichewa as opposed to one of the other Bantu languages. I was told that Hastings Banda, the long-lived, long-“reigning” post-independence dictator only ever used one phrase of Chichewa, the Chichewa for “You’re a liar!”, otherwise he used English. But Malawian English takes a little getting used to. Like the Chinese, Malawians struggle with the “l”/”r” distinction, leading to the interesting question in the middle of a discussion about music as to whether I had “written to Abba”, as well as the obligatory discussion about growing “lice” for export. It’s somehow very endearing! The other characteristic is to add “ie” to the end of words that otherwise end in consonants (in Chichewa, all words end in vowels): for example, the Queen’s name becomes “Elizabettie” in Malawian (woe betide anyone who tries that one on me!), toast becomes “toastie”, and various calendar months have this ending applied.
Malawi is therefore very kind on the solo English-speaking tourist. Admittedly, elated from my successful mastery of Malawi’s public transport system to get to my first destination after Blantyre, I was a touch peeved to read in The Book (the Bradt guide to Malawi) that Malawi is “Africa for Beginners”, but I have to concede that, as well as its welcoming people and the relative ease of communication, the country’s transport is almost organised in a chaotic kind of fashion.
That’s a book in itself: Malawi public transport. I’m not sure if there’s any rhyme or reason behind the number of minibuses on the road or their destinations, other than the inclinations of the driver and, for want of a better description, the “conductor”, but, broadly speaking, in the south of the country (I didn’t get much further than that on this trip), it seems to work…. except when a mazungu (white person) decides on her own route. But I’m getting ahead of myself.
There are official bus companies, but I haven’t encountered one yet. My main mode of transport was the minibus. To clarify, we’re talking about a vehicle that, in the UK, would probably take nine passengers in three rows of seats behind the front seats, and, of course, the driver him/herself. Well, this kind of vehicle can take a few more in Malawi. My record headcount in the first few trips - my mind had ceased boggling about numbers after this - was nineteen adults (not counting the driver and conductor), as well as assorted children-on-laps and babies-in-slings. Invariably, there are at least two people sharing the front passenger’s seat, there’s a bench behind this with passengers facing backwards, and three rows of seats facing forwards, each of the front two of which have drop-down seats to fill the gap as and when the row behind has been filled. You’re expected to sit four-to-a-row (fingers crossed for slim companions, and for not being wedged in the corner in the back where your shoulder gets crunched), but, on the most impressive occasion, one of the passengers was stand-stooping between the bench and the front forward-facing row as well as the conductor who usually stand-stoops, bending himself either out of the window or over his passengers. (I hardly need add that I have not seen anyone other than the young and slim-built performing this role.) In short, if I would consider a vehicle to be full, there was room for at least three more!
And I haven’t even mentioned the luggage. On my first trip of any length, the c.70km from Limbe to Zomba, other people’s attendant bags and packages made my pack look small. On this occasion, I was one of the first to board, newly arrived in my first minibus from Blantyre, and, of course, these vehicles don’t leave until they’re full. So I waited and watched, drinking in the atmosphere of my first major Malawian bus station. Just when you thought no more luggage could be fitted in, the conductor would juggle things around and manage to include the latest addition: sacks of flour, trays of eggs, suitcases and cardboard boxes of all shapes and sizes, large baskets that could only perch on knees, the contents of potential curio stalls, plastic bags spilling out their contents… and, of course, the odd piece of livestock. So far, I’ve only shared transport with a hen, a remarkably sanguine hen that settled down so quickly and quietly that her oddly smartly-dressed owner (briefcase and all) couldn’t find her when he came to get off the minibus (I spotted her sitting under the row of seats in front). I guess this is the Malawian version of asking him to buy supper on his way home from work.
The fare seems to depend on the whim of the conductor as he’s the man (I’ve only seen men in this role: from my experience of them, I don’t see Malawian women doing this) with the money. I think (and hope) that tourists are charged more than locals - I’m all for making money out of my species although, curiously, I’ve only seen one other tourist on a minibus - but the most I’ve had to pay on any journey, whether 10km or 100 km, would give me change out of a pound in the UK. You don’t pay on entry or exit, simply when the conductor gets around to asking you for the money, and they’re a pretty sharp breed. No fare-dodging here!
A wonderful place to watch Malawian life is a bus station/depot. All sorts of people come round a waiting bus to try and sell their wares: everything from baskets, toothpaste/toothbrushes/cotton buds, clothes (the most unexpected of which that I’ve seen was a battered black trilby… a must-have necessity for Malawi??), cell phones and watches, to “munchies” for the journey. The variety and quality of these, if you ignore the nondescript sweets and crisps, would put most British railway companies’ buffet services to shame: hard-boiled eggs, with attendant salt and spices, fruit (the bananas here are delicious), ground nuts (I’ve had several meals out of these alone), and deep-fried breads and samosas.
I’ve also travelled by taxi, matola and dampa. With taxis, we’re not quite talking black cabs here. In fact, the only difference, I’ve concluded, between a taxi and a matola, at least outside major towns, is where you sit. If you pay a lot for a “taxi”, you sit in the front; if you pay a very little, you stand/squash/perch/sit in the back. In either case, the vehicle is a pickup truck. I negotiated a “taxi” from Monkey Bay to Cape Maclear at the southern end of Lake Malawi and then from Cape Maclear to Golomoti at the intersection with the road to Salima… and sat in the front with the driver and “Mr Fixit”, aka Duncan, whose English was interestingly accented with a combination of Glaswegian, American and Malawian. On the Monkey Bay/Golomoti stretch, we acquired additional passengers every so often who rode in the back. The other wazungu, a Korean on the way to Cape Maclear and two Londoners on the way from Cape Maclear to Monkey Bay, rode in the back for free - well, I wasn’t going to leave them stranded there, and the driver seemed to consider them my guests as it was only with regard to taking them that he consulted me.
When I got to Salima, I took a matola to Senga Bay and, yes, you’ve guessed it, I was one of the dozen or more folks in the back (plus children, babies, an extraordinary amount of luggage, and the obligatory hen) paying the small amount (in this case, 100 Malawian kwacha, c.£0.35). It was an interesting way of travelling: again, just when you thought no-one else could possibly fit, we somehow shuffled up closer and squeezed a couple more in. The luggage is more precariously stashed on this mode of transport, tied somewhat haphazardly to the lowered tailgate. One bag went flying just as we were leaving the bus depot, but a number of us squawked and the driver stopped to collect it and wedge it back on. With matolas, the driver seems to double-up as the conductor, and you’re charged on “exit”. Again, it wouldn’t be easy to fare-dodge here.
A dampa is a bicycle-taxi where the passenger sits on a piece of wood on top of the bicycle carrier and, in my experience, the wood has been covered with at least a small amount of foam; the deluxe models are even coated in material and plastic. It’s not, actually, an uncomfortable experience, although not being in control of the bicycle, yet affecting its balance, takes a little getting used to. However, I have mixed feelings about them. I feel guilty that someone else should be peddling a zero-gears, crappy bike in the often-sweltering heat with me (or my pack - I didn’t think anyone deserved both of us!) on the back. I felt particularly bad about the young lad peddling me the 3-4 km from Salima to Senga Bay, however much he insisted that he was strong enough for the task. I could at least send him home before we reached our destination when the route to the lodge became a sand track and we were all forced to walk. (I went on with the older (and stronger-looking) guy pushing his bike with my pack on the back. I thought he could cope with it!)
However, it is a way of earning money for people who don’t have much, as I was reminded by a cyclist in Liwonde when I refused a dampa on the basis that I wanted to walk the remaining distance myself (well, actually, I hadn’t realised the Shire River and the departure point for my boat transfer to Mvuu Camp were as far as that, or I might have made a different decision). And it certainly has a degree of indulgence to be ridden along country tracks that narrow to barely shoulder-width between tall grasses, and to have the freedom simply to enjoy the peace and nature around you.
The roads are somewhat varied. The main routes are tarred - and not just the road between a city and the airport, as was the case when friends of mine travelled here in the late 1980s - and I understand that this improvement is largely thanks to the current president. However, once you get off these, road conditions can vary. The roads from Monkey Bay to Cape Maclear and to Golomoti are awful. This was my hiccup in route-planning. I had hoped to be able to get a minibus from Mangochi to Salima by going round the southern end and southwestern corner of Lake Malawi and then north to Salima. At Mangochi bus station I discovered that this would not work: no minibus. Bit of a technical hitch. So, I boarded a minibus to Monkey Bay and made an unscheduled stopover at Cape Maclear: no real hardship as this is a stunning promontory jutting out from the southern coast of the Lake (I reckon that Africa’s third largest lake requires a capital letter even when it is mentioned without its full name!) with the best-located backpackers I have ever had the pleasure to encounter. It abuts the Lake with its own, lengthy stretch of private beach. But I could well understand why minibuses might not be the best mode of transport in this part of the world. The road twists around the tree-covered hills in a somewhat improbable manner and, whatever the usual condition of the road, it was made far worse by the recent rains. I was very glad to be in the front seat of the “taxi” with a small amount of padding to cushion me against the bumps, even though Tres, the driver, with his army driving accreditation, was driving as carefully as he could. The road to Golomoti is, if anything, worse, and with no obvious excuse. It’s largely over level country, but, for some reason, has not been tarred other than in sporadically placed, short stretches, and even then, some of the tarring is now pretty ghostlike. It took perhaps an hour and a half to negotiate the first half of the 50 km distance.
Utilities are a little patchy. I duly acquired a local SIM card on my arrival (because of the instability of the local currency, it was priced in dollars, with “top-up” vouchers described in units that represent US cents), only to find that it was cheaper to text the UK using my UK SIM card; at least having a Malawian one meant that others could ring me without my being charged. However, reception is distinctly patchy, although it can be perfect in the most unlikely places: halfway up a mountain or by the Lake in a spot that is ringed by hills. Electricity is also not guaranteed. Zomba Forest Lodge, I was intrigued to discover, had the fixtures and fittings for electric light, but, each night, the gas lamps and candles were lit, and there was no mention of electricity, nor sound of a generator. (I can’t say that I objected, except for being unable to recharge my mobile: I felt as if I’d stepped back a century, writing my journal by gaslight!) Mvuu Main Camp’s generator was efficient - a little too efficient, as its grumble could be heard from surprisingly far away, up and down the river - but in both Blantyre and the Lake-side villages power failures have been at least a daily occurrence. I became quite adept at writing by candlelight (FYI, use two candles for preference, otherwise your eyesight will be most unhappy), and at rigging up breeze-protection for candles on the outside dinner table.
But all this ignores Malawi’s main attraction: its beautiful and varied landscape - from mountain plateaux, to “African Queen”-esque rivers and lakes so blue and endless they rival the ocean, to rolling hills and giants’ playground-style vast rocky outcrops. Only on the main islands of New Zealand have I encountered so much variety in such a small area. After all, the whole of Malawi would fit into England alone, with the odd county left over, and I have barely left the south of the country on this trip. Yes, you’ve got it: I’m planning my return trip already, quite apart from working out exactly where we would stay as and when I get Colin out here! (Ideally, I would also like to look for voluntary work with kids here, but that’s a subject to be researched on my return to the UK in June and/or September.) In fact, I have to confess that the first draft of this blog was written at a shaded table overlooking the Lake when I couldn’t bear to tear myself away for a stopover in Lilongwe and opted for another day in paradise.
In my first week, I clocked up six destinations in seven nights and, I think, covered a reasonable cross-section of what Malawi has to offer in this part of the country. I “did” a city, Blantyre, staying at the improbably-named Hostellerie de France (yes, I come to Malawi and find myself having to dust off my French to communicate with my host and hostess!); hiked around Zomba Plateau, the easier-to-access of the two main mountain plateaux in the south (the other, and better known, Mulanje, requires a few days’ commitment, which I didn’t have), where I found definitely the best vegetarian food outside India at a place that even The Book admitted served “probably the best food you’ll find in Malawi”; paid my respects to the vast hippo population and assorted species of birds of the Shire (pronounced “Shee-ray”) River, including two new-to-me types of kingfisher, including the delightful, pocket-sized, iridescent malachite kingfisher; found a different nationality of elephants and another variety of buck (the fallow deer-like bushbuck) at Mvuu Main Camp in Liwonde National Park; and canoed/swam/boated/snorkelled the must-do attraction of Lake Malawi. (For those of you who are awake and counting, and think I’ve missed out somewhere, I’ve stayed at two places on the Lake!) In any event, I was a touch pooped by the time I got to my sixth destination - not to mention arriving there a day late thanks to the navigation/bus route issue - so I stayed there for the next six nights, before returning to Blantyre to catch my flight to Johannesburg and on to Windhoek. Well, it seemed a good excuse and, with so many activities in which to indulge, as well as the virtue of being able to start writing up the Malawi blog(s) (my thanks to my host, Grant, and his mother, Jean, for the kind loan of a laptop!), it would have been rude to move on! Besides, I needed to conserve my energies for working on the elephant project next week… Does it look like I’m over-justifying myself?!
Wildlife in Malawi is patchy. The pressure on land is huge with a rapidly growing population (you rarely see a woman of child-bearing age without a child on her back: family planning, where it’s even been mentioned, is considered to be the white man’s attempt to curb the black population), and poaching is a major issue. The national parks, wildlife reserves and forest reserves are trying to improve things, and it is to Malawi’s credit that approximately 20% of the country’s land is under this form of protection. However, improvement is slow and, as usual, foreign investment is required and already, in places, already being supplied. One of the success stories is the reintroduction of black rhino in a dedicated corner of Liwonde National Park, made possible with the support of South African National Parks and so successful that two animals have been put in another reserve in the south.
One of the main attractions, instead, is the bird population. The sunbirds darting around at Zomba Forest Lodge were a delight to watch (although practically impossible to identify with Malawi not fitting into either “Southern Africa” or “Eastern Africa” from a published-and-available bird book perspective), as were the bee-eaters at Liwonde National Park. Fish eagles are a regular occurrence, both audibly and visibly, at Lake Malawi and on the Shire River, and I loved paddling a canoe round the rocks at the Lake to watch black and white-chested cormorants, squacco and other herons, pied and giant kingfishers, and hammerkops going about their daily business. One cormorant popped up from a fishing trip a few feet away from my canoe, but clearly this was way too close for comfort, and he darted back below the surface with a splash.
Reptiles were also much in evidence. The crocodiles in Liwonde National Park are reputed for their size, and certainly I saw some pretty sizeable beasts on my trip there. From Senga Bay, I took a trip out to the aptly-named Lizard Island and encountered a number of monitor lizards, one of which was swimming, not something that I’ve seen before. Usually, they spend most of the day sunbathing or moving at the most considered pace of any animal I know. There was one sitting in the same position on the same rock two days running, so I splashed it with water to check s/he was still alive (it was). There were agamas with virulent blue tails, geckos assisting in the mosquito-reduction campaign, and other assorted lizards, everywhere you looked, and, for the first time, I saw a water snake in action, swimming in the shallows of Lake Malawi. As I’d been assured that this part of the Lake’s shore was safe for swimming, being free of hippo, crocodiles and bilharzia, I assumed that it wasn’t a particularly dangerous water snake and didn’t let the sighting get in the way of my swimming or canoeing.
All in all, I am delighted to have managed to fit in a trip to this largely-undiscovered African jewel. It could not have been more different to Namibia, nor could I have been made to feel more welcome: I’ll CERTAINLY be back!
[PS I’m not sure if “hurpling” has an existence outside the Fergusson vocabulary, but it struck me as the perfect word for describing the chaotic progress (not to mention speed) of minibuses and matolas.]
EPA may ''Destroy'' Malawi's Manufacturing Potential
BLANTYRE, Apr 26 (IPS) - Economic circles in eastern and southern Africa are abuzz with discussions about the advantages and disadvantages of the economic partnership agreement (EPA) which governments of these countries are negotiating with the European Union (EU).
Sixteen nations in the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) EPA grouping are scheduled to sign the agreement by December this year, along with other countries in the rest of Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) regions.
While the Malawian government is looking forward to this step, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the country remain apprehensive. Five influential NGOs, whose voices are taken seriously on the political and economic scene in Malawi, warn that the EPA will undermine the country's economy.
These NGOs are the Malawi Economic Justice Network; the Farmers Union of Malawi; the Civil Society Agriculture Network; the Malawi Council of Churches; and Oxfam in Malawi.
They have written to the EU's president, German chancellor Angela Merkel, arguing that the EPA is a bad deal as it will not allow Malawi and similar poor countries to protect their domestic industries with tariffs and other measures.
The group of NGOs also argues that the EPA is different to the Lome preferential trade agreement which it is replacing. The new trade deal will ''force'' Malawi to open up its market to the industrialised world and end up perpetuating economic misery among its population of 12 million people, say the NGOs.
Some 65 percent of Malawians live below the poverty line of less than 1 US dollar a day.
The organisations also contend that the EPA will open up Malawi's local markets to goods produced at lower costs in developed European countries. These goods will compete against Malawian goods which have been manufactured in a less advanced country that is already struggling against global economic constrictions.
''The EPA will decrease government revenue through loss of tariffs and undermine the benefits of regional trade integration,'' the NGOs argue. They believe that Malawi has the right to pursue autonomously determined trade and economic policies for the development of its economy, just like other countries do.
The NGO community in Malawi is not alone in its protestations. A report released this year by Tearfund, a global Christian relief and development charity, warns that the EPA negotiations are unbalanced. The report says the EPAs will create a greater disparity between the ACP countries and the EU in terms of development and economic power.
In the report, entitled ''Much to lose, little to gain: Assessing EPAs from the perspective of Malawi'', Tearfund warns that the EPA threatens to reinforce Malawi's position as an exporter of low-value, unprocessed commodities.
This will undermine the Malawian government's development strategy to add value to agricultural goods and to develop a manufacturing sector. It will also undermine regional integration among Malawi and its neighbours and will lead to a significant loss of fiscal revenue. There will also be other major adjustment costs, says Tearfund.
''EPA negotiations are cloaked in the language of partnership and development, but in the grossly unbalanced negotiating dynamic between the EU and the ACP, the European Commission is using EPAs to force its own agenda on Africa.
''Malawi has little to gain and potentially a huge amount to lose from entering into an EPA with the EU,'' Tearfund concludes.
Tearfund reminds the Malawian government that Malawi, as a least developed country, is in theory able to opt out of an EPA. It recommends that Malawi does that and rather sticks to the duty-free, quota-free access it has under the EU's Everything But Arms preferential trade initiative.
The concerns from the civil society groups seem to have some influence over the EPA process. The government of Malawi hosted intensive technical discussions this week (on April 24) for all the countries involved in the trade deal.
To allay fears, minister of trade Ken Lipenga has previously indicated that the government will conduct all the necessary consultations before signing the agreement. ''We will not just sign for the sake of it. We know that trade liberalisation has some negative effects and we will consider these when negotiating,'' Lipenga said.
In direct reference to the NGOs' concerns, Malawi's principal secretary for trade and private sector development Newby Kumwembe told IPS that the country's private sector incurs heavy production costs in some areas which render them uncompetitive on the global economy.
Kumwembe also argues that a lot of people have misunderstood trade agreements. Nowadays the big markets of Europe and the US have toughened up their entry requirements. Poor countries like Malawi need agreements such as the EPAs to be able to participate in the global economy. (END/2007)
Sixteen nations in the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) EPA grouping are scheduled to sign the agreement by December this year, along with other countries in the rest of Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) regions.
While the Malawian government is looking forward to this step, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the country remain apprehensive. Five influential NGOs, whose voices are taken seriously on the political and economic scene in Malawi, warn that the EPA will undermine the country's economy.
These NGOs are the Malawi Economic Justice Network; the Farmers Union of Malawi; the Civil Society Agriculture Network; the Malawi Council of Churches; and Oxfam in Malawi.
They have written to the EU's president, German chancellor Angela Merkel, arguing that the EPA is a bad deal as it will not allow Malawi and similar poor countries to protect their domestic industries with tariffs and other measures.
The group of NGOs also argues that the EPA is different to the Lome preferential trade agreement which it is replacing. The new trade deal will ''force'' Malawi to open up its market to the industrialised world and end up perpetuating economic misery among its population of 12 million people, say the NGOs.
Some 65 percent of Malawians live below the poverty line of less than 1 US dollar a day.
The organisations also contend that the EPA will open up Malawi's local markets to goods produced at lower costs in developed European countries. These goods will compete against Malawian goods which have been manufactured in a less advanced country that is already struggling against global economic constrictions.
''The EPA will decrease government revenue through loss of tariffs and undermine the benefits of regional trade integration,'' the NGOs argue. They believe that Malawi has the right to pursue autonomously determined trade and economic policies for the development of its economy, just like other countries do.
The NGO community in Malawi is not alone in its protestations. A report released this year by Tearfund, a global Christian relief and development charity, warns that the EPA negotiations are unbalanced. The report says the EPAs will create a greater disparity between the ACP countries and the EU in terms of development and economic power.
In the report, entitled ''Much to lose, little to gain: Assessing EPAs from the perspective of Malawi'', Tearfund warns that the EPA threatens to reinforce Malawi's position as an exporter of low-value, unprocessed commodities.
This will undermine the Malawian government's development strategy to add value to agricultural goods and to develop a manufacturing sector. It will also undermine regional integration among Malawi and its neighbours and will lead to a significant loss of fiscal revenue. There will also be other major adjustment costs, says Tearfund.
''EPA negotiations are cloaked in the language of partnership and development, but in the grossly unbalanced negotiating dynamic between the EU and the ACP, the European Commission is using EPAs to force its own agenda on Africa.
''Malawi has little to gain and potentially a huge amount to lose from entering into an EPA with the EU,'' Tearfund concludes.
Tearfund reminds the Malawian government that Malawi, as a least developed country, is in theory able to opt out of an EPA. It recommends that Malawi does that and rather sticks to the duty-free, quota-free access it has under the EU's Everything But Arms preferential trade initiative.
The concerns from the civil society groups seem to have some influence over the EPA process. The government of Malawi hosted intensive technical discussions this week (on April 24) for all the countries involved in the trade deal.
To allay fears, minister of trade Ken Lipenga has previously indicated that the government will conduct all the necessary consultations before signing the agreement. ''We will not just sign for the sake of it. We know that trade liberalisation has some negative effects and we will consider these when negotiating,'' Lipenga said.
In direct reference to the NGOs' concerns, Malawi's principal secretary for trade and private sector development Newby Kumwembe told IPS that the country's private sector incurs heavy production costs in some areas which render them uncompetitive on the global economy.
Kumwembe also argues that a lot of people have misunderstood trade agreements. Nowadays the big markets of Europe and the US have toughened up their entry requirements. Poor countries like Malawi need agreements such as the EPAs to be able to participate in the global economy. (END/2007)
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